Chapter 11 INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Definition
Information Systems (IS) is an academic/professional discipline bridging the business field and the well-defined computer science field that is evolving toward a new scientific area of study.An information systems discipline therefore is supported by the theoretical foundations of information and computations such that learned scholars have unique opportunities to explore the academics of various business models as well as related algorithmic processes within a computer science discipline.
Information systems are implemented within an organization for the purpose of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of that organization. Capabilities of the information system and characteristics of the organization, its work systems, its people, and its development and implementation methodologies together determine the extent to which that purpose is achieved.
Information Systems support the natural flow of information within an organization’s structure:
1. 5 Functions
.. Accounting- is the process of communicating financial information about a business entity to users such as shareholders and managers.
.. Marketing- is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.
.. Human Resources- is a term used to describe the individuals who make up the workforce of an organization, although it is also applied in labor economics to.
.. Production- is a computer program typically used to provide some form of artificial intelligence, which consists primarily of a set of rules about behavior.
.. Research- the search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, with an open mind, to establish novel facts, usually using a scientific method
2. Management Levels
So the management levels have three type, the information is in the picture.
3. Information Flow
In discourse-based grammatical theory, information flow is any tracking of referential information by speakers. Information may be new, just introduced into the conversation;, already active in the speakers' consciousness; or old, no longer active. The various types of activation, and how these are defined, are model-dependent.
Information flow affects grammatical structures such as
- word order (topic, focus, and afterthought constructions).
- active, passive, or middle voice.
- choice of deixis, such as articles; "medial" deictics such as Spanish ese and Japanese sore are generally determined by the familiarity of a referent rather than by physical distance[citation needed].
- overtness of information, such as whether an argument of a verb is indicated by a lexical noun phrase, a pronoun, or not mentioned at all.
Computer-based Information Systems
TPS- A transaction processing system is a type of information system. TPSs collect, store, modify, and retrieve the transactions of an organization. A transaction is an event that generates or modifies data that is eventually stored in an information system.
Accounting Activities TPS
MIS- A management information system (MIS) is a system that provides information needed to manage organizations effectively. Management information systems are distinct from regular information systems in that they are used to analyze other information systems applied in operational activities in the organization
DSS- A decision support system (DSS) is a computer-based information system that supports business or organizational decision-making activities. DSSs serve the management, operations, and planning levels of an organization and help to make decisions, which may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance.
Typical information that a decision support application might gather and present are:
- inventories of information assets (including legacy and relational data sources, cubes, data warehouses, and data marts),
- comparative sales figures between one period and the next,
- projected revenue figures based on product sales assumptions
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